{"id":7559,"date":"2023-09-08T11:35:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-08T15:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/?p=7559"},"modified":"2023-09-08T16:01:40","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T20:01:40","slug":"the-rise-influence-of-medicine-in-the-islamic-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/the-rise-influence-of-medicine-in-the-islamic-world\/","title":{"rendered":"The Rise & Influence of Medicine in the Islamic World"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

An Exhibition curated jointly curated by the Islamic Studies Library and the Osler Library of the History of Medicine running from September 11th<\/sup> to December 22nd<\/sup>, 2023<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u062a\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0633 Tashr\u012b\u1e25-i badan [Anatomy] by Man\u1e63u\u0304r ibn Mu\u1e25ammad ibn A\u1e25mad ibn Yu\u0304suf Faqi\u0304h Ilya\u0304s 16th<\/sup> century. Osler Library of the History of Medicine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The practice of medicine in the region sometimes referred to as the Islamic World[1]<\/sup><\/a> predates the revelation of Islam: therapeutic practices before Islam relied heavily on Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and Greek medical knowledge. During the early and medieval periods of the Islamic era, physicians in the region achieved advancements and innovations that have had a lasting and significant impact on the evolution of medical practices around the world. This exhibition aims to show how medical knowledge first came to the Islamic World (pre-Islam until the 10th<\/sup> cent. AD\/4th<\/sup> cent. AH), then circulated and developed within the region (between the 11th<\/sup> and 16th<\/sup> cent. AD\/5th<\/sup>-10th<\/sup> cent. AH), before being exported to Europe (during the 17th<\/sup> and 18th<\/sup> centuries. AD\/11th<\/sup>-12th<\/sup> cent. AH).[2]<\/sup><\/a> Visitors will learn how the translations of foreign medical texts (from Greek, Sanskrit, Syriac, etc.) into Arabic and Persian eventually led to the need to codify such a large body of knowledge for the purpose of dissemination. Visitors will also gain an appreciation for the wealth and depth of knowledge produced by physicians who practiced in Islamic lands, especially in fields like ophthalmology, pharmacology and surgery. Finally, visitors will understand the lasting and significant impact that medical knowledge produced in the Islamic World has had on modern Western medicine. Through the display of original manuscripts, books, and antique artefacts from the Islamic Studies Library (ISL), and the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, The rise and influence of Medicine in the Islamic World<\/em> will take visitors on a fascinating journey into the world of Islamic medicine.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comprising two complementary displays -one at the Islamic Studies Library and other at the Osler Library-, the exhibition will be accessible during libraries opening hours from September 11th<\/sup> to December 22nd<\/sup>, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> For geographical location, contemporary denominations of countries have been used even if the national entities known today did not exist in their current frontiers at the time. The geography of the region was in constant flux during the long period covered by the exhibition and referring to today\u2019s place-names appeared like the easiest way to situate individuals and events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> For dating, both the Gregorian calendar (AD) and the Hijri calendar (AH) have been used most of the times. An exception was made for Greek and European physicians for whom only Gregorian dates are given.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a>The rise and influence of Medicine in the Islamic World<\/em> was jointly curated by Ana\u00efs Salamon and Ghazaleh Ghanavizchian from the ISL, and Dr. Mary Hague-Yearl from the Osler Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre- & early Islamic Medicine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medical practices before Islam came from Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and Greek physicians. After the rise of Islam (7th<\/sup> cent. AD\/1st<\/sup> cent. AH), pre-Islamic medicine remained in use until the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate (660-750 AD\/40-132 AH). From the 9th<\/sup> cent. AD\/3rd<\/sup> cent. AH onwards, a new type of medicine emerged by adopting Greco-Islamic medical knowledge and recorded as \u1e24ad\u012bth<\/em> [Reports from the Prophet Mu\u1e25ammad]: This Prophetic medicine drawn from \u1e24ad\u012bth<\/em> co-existed with other types of medical care – like Greek humoral medicine – and kept developing until the 14th<\/sup> cent. AD\/9th<\/sup> cent. AH.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u202b\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a<\/em> \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a . \u1e6cibb al-Nab\u012b [Prophetic medicine] li-Ma\u1e25m\u016bd ibn Mu\u1e25ammad al-Jighm\u012bn\u012b (13th<\/sup> cent.), \u202a\u202a1881. Early Arabic Printed Books from the British Library<\/em>. Gale database accessed \u202a28 Aug. 2023.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Translation of Foreign Texts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 AD\/132-651 AH), significant effort went toward translating medical and scientific works from other cultures and languages. Established in the 9th<\/sup> cent. AD\/3rd<\/sup> cent. AH in Baghdad (Iraq), Bayt al-\u1e24ikmah \/ \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 [The house of wisdom] supported the translation of foreign texts into Arabic. Many Arab physicians started as translators before composing their own works. Two examples are the Arab Nestorian Christian \u1e24unayn ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q,[4]<\/sup><\/a> the author of a fundamental ophthalmological treatise, and the Syriac Christian Ibn M\u0101sawayh,[5]<\/sup><\/a> the author of many works on fevers, leprosy, melancholy, and other topics. The most commonly translated texts at the time were the Compendium on materia medica<\/em> by Dioscorides[6]<\/sup><\/a> as well as the works of Hippocrates[7]<\/sup><\/a> and Galen[8]<\/sup><\/a> in humoral medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the end of the 9th<\/sup> cent. AD\/3rd<\/sup> cent. AH, Hellenistic humoral medicine – based on the balance between four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile – had become prominent in the region. However, prophetic medicine was still very popular, and physicians often blended the two approaches together when curing patients until the 14th<\/sup> cent. AD\/9th<\/sup> cent. AH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the late 9th <\/sup>– early 10th<\/sup> cent. AD\/3rd <\/sup>– 4th<\/sup> cent. AH, the first hospitals appeared in Iraq and Egypt and then started spreading throughout the Islamic World. For sovereigns, such institutions were part of charitable endeavors and cam to symbolize political power. For physicians, hospitals were a place where they not only cured patients, but also taught and trained aspiring physicians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> \u1e24unayn ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q al-\u02bfIb\u0101d\u012b. \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a <\/strong>(Iraq, 808\u2013873 AD\/192-259 AH) was the most famous translator of Greek texts into Syriac and Arabic. His translations formed a foundation for the continuation of Galenic medicine amongst Muslim physicians and, through their mediation, in the mediaeval West.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Ibn M<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>sawayh. <\/strong>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0647<\/strong> (Iraq, died 857 AD\/243 AH) began his career translating Greek scientific works for the famous Bayt al-\u1e25ikmah, but became a court physician, attending the high society around the caliph.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Dioscorides<\/strong> (Greece, active in the first century C.E.) is Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbos, Greek physician and herbalist, and author of De materia medica<\/em> that formed the basis of the pharmacological tradition of the classical Islamic world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Hippocrates<\/strong> (Greece, born after 460, died circa 379 B.C.E.) is considered in both the Muslim world and the West as \u201cthe father of medicine.\u201d The Corpus Hippocraticum<\/em> -writings attributed to him- comprises about seventy titles. However, the authorship of many of them has been a matter of dispute since antiquity. Hippocrates nevertheless drew the first outlines of humoral medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> Galen<\/strong> (Turkey, 129-circa 216 C.E.) was a Greek-speaking physician born in Pergamum. His vast work (more than 20,000 pages in a standard 1821 edition) deals with all fields of medical science (anatomy, physiology, therapy, pharmacology, surgery), but also extends to philosophy, logic, ethics, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Organization & Dissemination of Knowledge<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 10th<\/sup> and 11th<\/sup> cent. AD\/4th <\/sup>– 5th<\/sup> cent. AH, compiling and organizing what had become a large body of knowledge became the priority. Thus, comprehensive influential encyclopaedias were composed: examples include\/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628<\/em>  Kit\u0101b al-Man\u1e63ur\u012b f\u012b al-\u1e6dibb <\/em>[The book on medicine dedicated to al-Mansur] and \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628<\/em>    \/ Kit\u0101b al-\u1e24\u0101w\u012b f\u012b al-\u1e6dibb <\/em>[The Comprehensive Book on Medicine] both by Ab\u016b Bakr al-R\u0101z\u012b,[9]<\/sup><\/a> and\/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628<\/em>  Kit\u0101b al-Q\u0101nun f\u012b al-\u1e6dibb <\/em>[The canon of medicine] by Avicenna.[10]<\/sup><\/a> If such encyclopaedic works were not always well received by the medical community at the time of composition, they served as the foundation of later important works like those of Averroes,[11]<\/sup><\/a> Ibn al-Naf\u012bs,[12]<\/sup><\/a> and many others.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628. Al-Q\u0101nun f\u012b al-\u1e6dibb by Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, 17th<\/sup> century. Osler Library of the History of Medicine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Ab<\/strong>\u016b<\/strong> Bakr al-R<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>z<\/strong>\u012b<\/strong> -or Rhazes-. <\/strong> <\/strong>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a<\/strong>(Iran, 854-925 or 935 AD\/240-313 or 323 AH), known to the Latins as Rhazes, was a physician, philosopher and alchemist. His medical handbook (Mansuri<\/em>) and other writings were translated over a dozen times into Latin and other European languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a>Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 -or Avicenna-.\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/strong> (Iran, 980-1037 AD\/370-428 AH) was known primarily as a philosopher and physician, but he contributed to the advancement of many more sciences accessible in his day: astronomy, music, politics, religion, poetry, etc.  Divided in five books (1. Generalities, 2. Pharmacology, 3. Special pathology, 4. Treatises, 5. Pharmacopeia), his Qanun<\/em> is the clear and ordered sum of all the medical knowledge available at the time, augmented from his own observations. The Qanun<\/em> served as a reference for seven centuries of medical teaching and practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Ibn Rushd -or Averroes-.<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f <\/strong>\u0625<\/strong>\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f <\/strong>\u0625<\/strong>\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f<\/strong>(Spain, 1126-1198 AD\/520-594 AH) was known primarily as a philosopher and theologian, but also specialized in the natural sciences (physics, medicine, biology, astronomy). He wrote several treatises about stroke, a neurological disease similar to Parkinson, and the anatomy of the eye. The encyclopaedia co-authored with Avenzoar \u2013 or Ibn Zuhr – (Spain, died 1162) entitled Al-Kulliyat fi al-Tibb<\/em> was translated into Latin in the 14th<\/sup> century A.D. and became a textbook in Europe for centuries (known as the Colliget<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> Ibn al-Naf\u012bs. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633<\/strong> (Syria, 1210-1288 AD\/607-687 AH) is the author of one of the most widely read commentaries on Avicenna\u2019s Q\u0101n\u016bn f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb<\/em> in the pre-modern Islamic world. He was also the first physician to propose that blood travels from the right side of the heart to the left through the lungs (pulmonary transit).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Emergence of Specialties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ophthalmology, pharmacology and surgery quickly emerged as medical specialties in the Islamic World as demonstrated by the number of dedicated monographs. Other topics such as anatomy, bloodletting or embryology were also sometimes the subject of monographs, but these did not become as influential as encyclopaedias chapters on the same topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ophthalmology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ophthalmological works composed as early as in the 9th<\/sup> cent. AD\/3rd<\/sup> cent. AH already show very advanced knowledge: grounded in theories inherited from the Hellenic World, they included intricate surgical procedures to treat common eye diseases like cataracts. One of the most renowned works from the early period is \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 <\/em> \/Tadhkirat al-Ka\u1e25\u1e25\u0101l\u012bn<\/em> [Memorandum of the oculists] by \u02bfAl\u012b ibn \u02bf\u012as\u00e1[13<\/sub>]<\/sup><\/a> (11th<\/sup> cent. AD\/5th<\/sup> cent. AH). A few centuries later, in the 14th<\/sup> cent. AD\/9th<\/sup> cent. AH, Ibn al-Naf\u012bs compiled in a systematic way the ophthalmological knowledge of the time in\/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0630\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/em>  Kit\u0101b al-Muhadhdhab f\u012b \u1e6dibb al-\u02bfayn<\/em> [Ophthalmology manual].<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u064a \/ Jal\u0101’ al-‘uy\u016bn [Clarity of the Eyes] by \u1e24ak\u012bm Shal\u012bm Falamank\u012b, 1863. Osler Library of the History of Medicine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Pharmacology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physicians in the Islamic Era commonly used the 500 substances described in Dioscorides\u2019 Compendium<\/em> in addition to drugs used in Indian and Persian medicine. The 10th<\/sup> cent. AD\/4th<\/sup> cent. AH writings of Qust\u0101 ibn L\u016bq\u0101[14]<\/sup><\/a> included drugs such as camphor or ammoniac that were unknown at the time to Greek and European physicians. In the 12th<\/sup> cent. AD\/6th<\/sup> cent. AH, al-Ghaf\u012bq\u012b[15]<\/sup><\/a> compiled a list of medicinal substances ordered alphabetically entitled \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 <\/em>\/ Kit\u0101b al-adwiy\u0101\u02be al-mufradah<\/em> [The book of simple drugs].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This work served as a basis for a later manual authored by Ibn al-Baytar[16]<\/sup><\/a> (13th<\/sup> cent. AD\/7th<\/sup> cent. AH) that presented a total of 1,400 medicaments and became a reference for many subsequent guides in the Islamic World and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
 \/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a Kit\u0101b al-adwiyah al-mufradah by al-Ghaf\u012bq\u012b, 1256. Osler Library of the History of Medicine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Surgery<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many physicians in the medieval Islamic medical tradition were interested in surgery. One of the most famous surgeons was al-Zahr\u0101w\u012b[17]<\/sup><\/a> (11th<\/sup> cent. AD\/5th<\/sup> cent. AH) whose thirty-volume encyclopaedia entitled\/ \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/em>  Kit\u0101b al-Ta\u1e63r\u012bf li-man \u02bfajiza \u02bfan al-ta\u02bel\u012bf<\/em> [The arrangement of medical knowledge for one who is not able to compile a book himself] was quoted over 200 times by 14th<\/sup> cent. AD\/9th<\/sup> cent. AH French surgeon Guy de Chauliac.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another important contributor to surgical knowledge was Ab\u016b al-Faraj ibn al-Quff[19]<\/sup><\/a> (13th<\/sup> cent. AD\/7th<\/sup> cent. AH) who composed a substantial monograph on surgery, \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/em> \/ Kit\u0101b al-\u02bfUmdah f\u012b \u1e63in\u0101\u02bfat al-jir\u0101\u1e25ah <\/em>[The mainstay in the art of surgery], which comprised twenty chapters covering anatomy, physiology, general surgical principles, and a pharmacopoeia (recipes for compound drugs used in surgery).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \/ Al-Ta\u1e63r\u012bf liman \u2018ajiza \u2018an al-ta’li\u0304f by al-Zahr\u0101w\u012b, (11th<\/sup> cent.). Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale du Royaume du Maroc<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> \u02bfAl\u012b ibn \u02bfIs\u00e1 al-Ka\u1e25\u1e25\u0101l. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>(Iraq, died 1038 or 1039 AD\/429 or 430 AH) was the best known oculist (ka\u1e25\u1e25\u0101l<\/em>) of the Arabs. His work, the Tad\u0332h\u0332kirat al-Ka\u1e25\u1e25\u0101l\u012bn<\/em> , is the oldest Arabic work on ophthalmology that survived in the original. This comprehensive treatise was translated into Hebrew and Latin in the 15th<\/sup> century A.D.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Qust<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong> ibn L<\/strong>\u016b<\/strong>q<\/strong>\u0101. <\/strong>\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627<\/strong> (Syria, died 912 or 913 AD\/299 or 300 AH) worked as a physician and translator -he was fluent in Greek, Syriac and Arabic-.  His medical works include treatises on gout, infectious diseases, insomnia, fevers, types of crises in illnesses, the pulse, paralysis-types, causes and treatment, the four \u201chumours\u201d, and phlebotomy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Al-Gh<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>fiqi. <\/strong>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a<\/strong> (Spain, 12th<\/sup> cent. AD\/6th <\/sup>cent. AH) was regarded as the best expert on drugs of his time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> Ibn al-Bay<\/strong>\u1e6d<\/strong><\/em>\u0101<\/strong><\/em>r. <\/strong>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/strong> (Spain, died 1248 AD\/646 AH) was a botanist and pharmacologist. Some historians consider he plagiarized al-Ghafiqi\u2019s Kit<\/em>\u0101<\/em>b f<\/em>\u012b<\/em> l-adwiya al-mufrada<\/em> to compose his al<\/em>-J<\/em>\u0101<\/em>mi<\/em>\u02bf<\/em> li-mufrad<\/em>\u0101<\/em>t al-adwiya wa-al-ag<\/em>\u0332<\/em>h<\/em>\u0332<\/em>d<\/em>\u0332<\/em>h<\/em>\u0332<\/em>iya<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Ab<\/strong>\u016b<\/strong> al-Q<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>sim  al-Zahr<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>w<\/strong>\u012b<\/strong> -or Abulcassis-.<\/strong> \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/strong> (Spain, 936-1013 AD\/ 324-404 AH) was an innovative physician, surgeon and chemist whose influence continued for centuries and extended far beyond the frontiers of the Muslim Worlds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> Guy de Chauliac <\/strong>(France, 1300-1368 AD) was a physician and surgeon famous for his treatise Chirurgia Magna<\/em> that was translated in numerous languages and served as a reference until the 16th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> Ab\u016b al-Faraj ibn al-Quff<\/strong>. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641 <\/strong>(Jordan, 1233-1286 AD\/630-685 AH) was a Christian physician and surgeon better known as a writer and educator than as a doctor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Knowledge Exchanges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The medical community in the Islamic World remained quite productive through the 14th<\/sup> cent. AD\/9th<\/sup> cent. AH, especially in Syria and Egypt. In the latter half of the 16th<\/sup> cent. AD\/10th<\/sup> cent. AH, early modern European medical ideas, techniques, and drug therapies started filtering into the Islamic World. D\u0101\u02be\u016bd al-Antak\u012b[20]<\/sup><\/a> included 1,712 mineral, animal and plant substances from Egypt, Europe, India, China, the Levant, North Africa, and Asia Minor. In his\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628  \/ Tadhkirat ul\u012b al-alb\u0101b wa al-j\u0101mi<\/em>\u02bf li al-<\/em>\u02bfajab al-<\/em>\u02bfuj\u0101b<\/em> [Memorandum book for those who have understanding and collection of wondrous marvels] (1568 AD\/975 AH), followed the European practice of using China Root (Chub-chini<\/em>) to cure syphilis. In a treatise dedicated to syphilis written in 1569 AD\/ 977 AH, \u02bfIm\u0101d al-D\u012bn Mas\u02bf\u016bd Sh\u012br\u0101z\u012b[21]<\/sup><\/a> also prescribed China Root as a cure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 17th<\/sup> cent. AD\/11th<\/sup> cent. AH, Ibn Sall\u016bm\u2019s[22]<\/sup><\/a> treatise entitled \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/em> \/ Gh\u0101yat al-itq\u0101n f\u012b tadb\u012br bad\u0101n al-ins\u0101n<\/em> [The culmination of perfection in the treatment of the human body] originally composed in Arabic and later translated into Ottoman Turkish, included translations of several Latin writings by Paracelsus.[23]<\/sup><\/a> But knowledge also circulated in the other direction: Europeans became interested in learning of the medical practices then current in the Islamic World. In 1681 AD\/1092 AH, Joseph Labrosse[24]<\/sup><\/a> published Pharmacopoea Persica ex idiomate Persica in Latinum conversa which <\/em>consisted of the Latin translation of a Persian book on compound remedies with personal notes and comments.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Fasciculus medicinae by Johannes de Ketham. 1513. Osler Library of the History of Medicine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Da\u02be\u016bd al-Antak\u012b. \u062f\u0627\u0624\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a<\/strong> (Egypt, 16th<\/sup> cent. AD\/10th <\/sup>cent. AH) was a blind physician and pharmacist who authored a three-part medical encyclopedia that included descriptions of over 3,000 medicinal and aromatic plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> \u02bf<\/strong>Im<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>d al-D<\/strong>\u012b<\/strong>n Mas<\/strong>\u02bf<\/strong>\u016b<\/strong>d Sh<\/strong>\u012b<\/strong>r<\/strong>\u0101<\/strong>z<\/strong>\u012b<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627<\/strong>\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/strong> (Iran, mid-16th<\/sup> cent. AD\/ mid. 10th<\/sup> cent. AH) was a physician who composed a number of treatises in Persian and Arabic on the therapeutic values of Opium and China root (species of smilax). European influence is visible in his works.<\/p>\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> \u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 b. Na\u1e63rull\u0101h\u00a0Ibn\u00a0Sall\u016bm\u00a0al-\u1e24alab\u012b. <\/strong>\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a (Syria, died 1670 AD\/1081 AH) was the head physician of the Ottoman Empire whose writings are often seen as instrumental in the introduction of European Renaissance medicine to the Middle East.<\/p>\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> Paracelsus<\/strong> (Switzerland, 1493-1541 AD) was a physician, alchemist, theologian, and philosopher. He is one of the first scientists to introduce chemistry to medicine advocating for the use of inorganic salts, minerals, and metals for medicinal purposes. Instead of the four humour of Hellenistic medicine, he believed there were three humours: salt, sulphur, and mercury respectively representing stability, combustibility, and liquidity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> Joseph Labrosse<\/strong> (France, 1636-1697 AD), also known as Father Angelus of St. Joseph, was a French Carmelite missionary and writer. He played a role in transmitting Persian medical terminology to Europe, and was the first European to make a serious study of Iranian medicine. He also compiled a Persian dictionary with translations into Latin, French, and Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Rise of European Medicine as the Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>In the middle of the 18th<\/sup> cent. AD\/12th<\/sup> cent. AH, traditional Islamic medicine seemed unable to combat the plague epidemic in Istanbul. The Ottoman sultan Mustafa III ordered a Turkish translation of two treatises by Hermann Boerhaave.[25]<\/sup><\/a> These translations, soughing to reconcile and harmonize Boerhaave\u2019s ideas with traditional Islamic medicine, were completed in 1768 AD\/1182 AH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 19th<\/sup> cent. AD\/13th<\/sup> cent. AH witnessed profound changes in the teaching of medicine in the Islamic World as European medical expertise became the reference point. In 1825 AD\/ 1240 AH, the Egyptian army hired French physician Antoine-Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Clot[26]<\/sup><\/a> as surgeon-in-chief. A few years later, Clot established a medical school near Cairo which French, Italian and German professors. Similarly, a military medical school, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646  \/ D\u0101r al-Fun<\/em>\u016b<\/em><\/strong>n <\/em>[The house of arts] founded in Tehran (Iran) in 1850 AD\/ 1266 AH offered instruction in French based on European medical texts translated into Persian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, aspects of medieval Islamic traditional medicine continued to coexist alongside modern European medicine. In the late 19th<\/sup> cent. AD\/13th<\/sup> cent. AH, treatises of Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 and Ibn al-Bay\u1e6d<\/em>\u0101r, among others, were still printed at the \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0642 \/ B\u016blaq Press ( \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629al-ma\u1e6d<\/em>ba\u02bfah al-am\u012br\u012byah) in Cairo because they continued to represent a vital tradition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> Hermann Boerhaave<\/strong> (Netherlands, 1668-1738 AD) was a Dutch botanist, chemist and physician considered to be the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital, and sometimes referred to as “the father of physiology\u201d. He is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> Antoine-Barthelemy Clot<\/strong> (France, 1793-1868 AD) also known as Clot Bey is a French physician and medicine professor who spent most of his life working in Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Strohmaier, G. \u201c\u1e24unayn b. Is\u1e25\u0101\u1e33 al-\u02bfIb\u0101d\u012b\u201d, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition<\/em>, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1163\/1573-3912_islam_COM_0300<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vadet, J.-C. (2012). \u201cIbn M\u0101sawayh\u201d, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition<\/em>, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1163\/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vernet, J. (2012). \u201cIbn al-Bay\u1e6d\u0101r\u201d, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition<\/em>, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1163\/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3115<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An Exhibition curated jointly curated by the Islamic Studies Library and the Osler Library of the History of Medicine running from September 11th to December 22nd, 2023. The practice of medicine in the region sometimes referred to as the Islamic … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1099,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,1,4,18],"tags":[177,231,233,232],"class_list":["post-7559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-events","category-blog","category-exhibitions","category-manuscripts-and-rare-books","tag-islamic-medicine","tag-knowledge-exchange","tag-medical-science-history","tag-western-medicine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1099"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7559"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7559\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7610,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7559\/revisions\/7610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.mcgill.ca\/islamicstudieslibrary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}